It happens every summer. Every time it happens I have to ask "how?"
Thankfully no one has left his child in a hot car in the St. Louis area yet this summer, but it's bound to happen at some point, especially with the scorching heat already beating down on us.
It seems to happen more and more as families get busier and busier. Last year, 49 children died of heat stroke in hot cars in the United States. As of May 31, eight kids have already died in hot cars in the United States this year. More than 500 children have died in hot cars since 1998.
Every time a child dies in a hot car, people are ready to crucify the parent who left that child in there to suffer an unimaginably horrible and painful death.
Sometimes, the public outrage is justified. Mom went into a beauty salon for a haircut and pedicure and didn't want to bring the sleeping baby inside so the baby stays in the hot car while Mom runs her errand.
Other times, a change in routine leads to a child being forgotten because he was sleeping peacefully in a carseat while Dad went to work as part of his daily routine, completely forgetting to drop off the baby at a baby sitter's house. The public outrage is not quite as justified in those cases, but it's still there, ready to hang the responsible parent.
The parent is already facing the worst nightmare a parent can ever imagine: being the cause of his own child's death. Our society is busy, often overbusy, overworked, under-rested and overstressed. It's certainly not an excuse. But it's a situation I think most of us can identify with.
I've forgotten my purse, my lunch, the important errand I needed to run, an appointment and forgotten to turn off the coffee pot, but I've never forgotten my child. I can't imagine forgetting my child in the car (or anywhere else for that matter) but I can't say with 100 percent certainty that it would never, ever, in a million years happen. I hope it would never happen, but it could. Well, maybe not now. Boogie is pretty darn vocal every time we're in the car and I probably couldn't forget she was there even if I tried.
It could happen to any of us because all it takes is 15 minutes in a hot car to kill an infant. And that's on a 75-degree day, according to the national non-profit child safety organization KidsAndCars. A child's body temperatures increases three to five times faster than an adult's, especially in a hot car, and in less than half an hour, the temperature in a car can increase by 35 degrees.
"The biggest mistake people make is to think 'It couldn't happen to me,'" said Janette Fennell, founder and president of KidsAndCars.org. "Memory experts point out that if you've ever forgotten a pot left burning on the stove, you've seen how easy it is to have a dangerous memory lapse."
KidsAndCars has a few suggestions to help busy parents remember to check the back seat for their child and prevent a tragic death:
* Put something in the back seat so you have to open the door when leaving the vehicle: cell phone, employee badge, handbag, etc.
* Move a stuffed animal from the car seat to the front seat to remind you when your baby is in the back seat.
* Ask your baby sitter or child-care provider to call you within 10 minutes if your child hasn't arrived on time.
* Focus on driving. Avoid cell phone calls and texting while driving.
* Every time you park, open the back door to be sure no one has been left behind.
If everyone just glanced inside vehicles as he walked by or asked about a co-worker's young child every morning, maybe, just maybe, one less child will die in a hot vehicle this summer.
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Wednesday, June 22, 2011
Tuesday, May 31, 2011
Beat The Summer Heat
Heat stress needs to be taken seriously
Working in a hot environment puts stress on the body's cooling system. When heat is combined with other stresses-like hard physical work, loss of fluids, or fatigue-it may lead to heat-related illness, disability, or even death!
The body is always generating heat and passing it to the environment. The harder you work, the more heat your body has to lose. Heat leaves your body in several ways:
Working in a hot environment puts stress on the body's cooling system. When heat is combined with other stresses-like hard physical work, loss of fluids, or fatigue-it may lead to heat-related illness, disability, or even death!
The body is always generating heat and passing it to the environment. The harder you work, the more heat your body has to lose. Heat leaves your body in several ways:
- transfer from skin to air.
- evaporation by perspiration.
- exhaling hot air.
- touching a cool object.
Water is crucial to helping the body adjust to high temperatures. The rate of water intake must equal the increased rate of water loss by perspiration to keep body temperature normal. When it's hot, drink plenty of water!
Your body must work even harder to get rid of excess heat when conditions are both hot and humid. Unfortunately, perspiration can't evaporate as readily under muggy conditions. The process is easier if the surrounding air is moving. That's why we welcome a cool breeze, or turn on a fan when the air is "sticky".
Sickness and accident rates increase when heavy work is done at temperatures above 30 degrees.
Don't push yourself beyond your limits. It could be harmful to your health, and could put you at increased risk of having an accident.
Heat stress hazards
Following are three common conditions that can result from the body overheating.
Heat cramps: Heavy sweating drains the body of salt, which cannot be replaced by simply drinking water. Painful cramps occur in the arms, legs, or stomach while on the job, or later at home. Move to a cool area at once if cramping is experienced. Loosen clothing and drink cool, lightly-salted water or a commercial fluid replacement beverage. Seek medical aid if the cramps are severe, or don't go away.
Heat exhaustion: Inadequate water and salt intake causes the body's cooling system to break down. Symptoms include heavy sweating, cool, moist skin, body temperature over 38 degrees, weak pulse, and normal or low blood pressure. The victim is likely to be tired, weak, clumsy, upset, or confused. They will be very thirsty, and will pant or breath rapidly. Their vision may be blurred. Get medical help immediately! Heat exhaustion can lead to heat stroke, which can kill. Move the person to a cool, shaded area. Loosen or remove excess clothing. Provide cool, lightly-salted water. Fan and spray the victim with cool water.
Heat stroke can kill a person quickly! Once the body uses up all its water and salt, sweating ceases. Temperature can rise quickly. You can assume a person is suffering from heat stroke if their body temperature is over 41 degrees, and any of the following symptoms are present:
- weakness, confusion, distress, strange behavior.
- hot, dry, red skin.
- rapid pulse.
- headache or dizziness.
- In later stages heat stroke, a victim may pass out and have convulsions.
Heatwave guidelines
The following measures should help prevent the development of heat-related illnesses.
- Slow down in hot weather. Your body's temperature regulating system faces a much greater workload when temperature and humidity are high.
- Heed early warnings of heat stress, such as headache, heavy perspiration, high pulse rate, and shallow breathing. Take a break immediately and get to a cooler location. Watch for heat stress signs among your co-workers.
- Dress for hot weather. Lightweight, light-colored clothing reflects heat.
- Drink plenty of water. Don't let yourself "dry out".
- Increase your salt intake, preferably by adding salt to your food. (Consult your physician if you are on a salt-restricted diet.)
- Try to get used to warm weather gradually. Take it easy for those first two or three hot days. Your body will have a better chance to adjust if you take it slow.
- Get out of the heat occasionally. Physical stress increases with time in hot weather. Take breaks in a cool, shady location.
- Don't try to get a suntan while you are working! It's harder for your internal cooling system to work through sunburned skin. Wear a hat and long-sleeved shirt to prevent burning (which we know can increase the risk of skin cancer.)
Finally, let's take a moment to review some of the "Do's" and "Don'ts" of preventing heat-related illnesses.
DO:
| DON’T:
|
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Wednesday, April 20, 2011
Company Gets Huge MSHA Fines and Jail Time
A former Upper Big Branch (UBB) Mine employee pleaded guilty today before United States District Judge Irene C Berger to two felonies in connection with a federal investigation at Performance Coal Company’s Upper Big Branch Mine. Thomas Harrah, 45, of Comfort, Boone County, West Virginia, pleaded guilty to a two-count information, charging him with making a false statement on a document required to be maintained by the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act and with making false statements to a special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and a special investigator with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). United States Attorney Booth Goodwin stated, “Since shortly after the tragedy at Upper Big Branch, the president has been clear in his directives. He expects us to investigate the cause of the explosion, bring those responsible to justice, and take the steps necessary to prevent a similar tragedy from occurring again.
This case arose from our investigation into the explosion and is directed at preventing a similar tragedy from happening again.” Harrah admitted that while employed at UBB Mine from January 2008 to August 2009, he performed mine foreman's duties including signing pre-shift and on-shift examination reports, even though he was not qualified as a foreman or an assistant foreman. As stipulated in his plea agreement, Harrah did not have and knew he did not have a mine foreman's certificate and was therefore not qualified to perform these examinations. Despite having failed the mine foreman’s examination, Harrah in fact, used a false foreman’s number on more than 200 occasions. In August 2009, Harrah was transferred from Performance to the Marfork Coal Company (Marfork) which operated the Slip Ridge Cedar Grove Mine (Slip Ridge) located in Raleigh County.
While employed at Slip Ridge, Harrah admitted to using a false foreman’s number that did not belong to him to certify pre-shift and on-shift examinations on approximately three different occasions during one shift. On October 22, 2010, Harrah was interviewed by a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and by a special investigator with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). During the interview, Harrah stated that he had taken and failed the mine foreman’s examination. When he returned to work at Performance Coal, he informed an officer of Performance Coal that he had failed the examination.
Harrah then stated that the officer provided him with a phone number to call. Harrah further stated that when he called the number that the individual on the phone provided him with a mine foreman’s certification number. The defendant stated that he was also faxed a copy of a mine foreman’s card, but that he had lost the card. On October 28, 2010, Harrah was re-interviewed by the FBI and MSHA.
Harrah admitted that he had been dishonest during the first interview with federal agents. The defendant further admitted that when he failed the examination, the Performance Coal officer did not give him a number to call, but instead discussed with him the possibility of retaking the examination. Harrah admitted that he did not retake the examination. Harrah further admitted that after reviewing the examination book which listed individuals who had passed the foreman’s examination, he changed a couple of digits on one of the numbers listed, and, a few months later, began using that number to sign pre-shift and on-shift examination books at Upper Big Branch mine.
When Harrah was interviewed by federal investigators on October 22, 2010, he knew that the information he provided them about how he had received the false foreman’s number was untrue. This investigation was conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Mine Safety and Health Administration. Harrah faces up to 10 years in prison and a $500,000 fine when he is sentenced on August 11, 2011 at 10 AM
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This case arose from our investigation into the explosion and is directed at preventing a similar tragedy from happening again.” Harrah admitted that while employed at UBB Mine from January 2008 to August 2009, he performed mine foreman's duties including signing pre-shift and on-shift examination reports, even though he was not qualified as a foreman or an assistant foreman. As stipulated in his plea agreement, Harrah did not have and knew he did not have a mine foreman's certificate and was therefore not qualified to perform these examinations. Despite having failed the mine foreman’s examination, Harrah in fact, used a false foreman’s number on more than 200 occasions. In August 2009, Harrah was transferred from Performance to the Marfork Coal Company (Marfork) which operated the Slip Ridge Cedar Grove Mine (Slip Ridge) located in Raleigh County.
While employed at Slip Ridge, Harrah admitted to using a false foreman’s number that did not belong to him to certify pre-shift and on-shift examinations on approximately three different occasions during one shift. On October 22, 2010, Harrah was interviewed by a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and by a special investigator with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). During the interview, Harrah stated that he had taken and failed the mine foreman’s examination. When he returned to work at Performance Coal, he informed an officer of Performance Coal that he had failed the examination.
Harrah then stated that the officer provided him with a phone number to call. Harrah further stated that when he called the number that the individual on the phone provided him with a mine foreman’s certification number. The defendant stated that he was also faxed a copy of a mine foreman’s card, but that he had lost the card. On October 28, 2010, Harrah was re-interviewed by the FBI and MSHA.
Harrah admitted that he had been dishonest during the first interview with federal agents. The defendant further admitted that when he failed the examination, the Performance Coal officer did not give him a number to call, but instead discussed with him the possibility of retaking the examination. Harrah admitted that he did not retake the examination. Harrah further admitted that after reviewing the examination book which listed individuals who had passed the foreman’s examination, he changed a couple of digits on one of the numbers listed, and, a few months later, began using that number to sign pre-shift and on-shift examination books at Upper Big Branch mine.
When Harrah was interviewed by federal investigators on October 22, 2010, he knew that the information he provided them about how he had received the false foreman’s number was untrue. This investigation was conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Mine Safety and Health Administration. Harrah faces up to 10 years in prison and a $500,000 fine when he is sentenced on August 11, 2011 at 10 AM
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Wednesday, April 6, 2011
Spring Break Safety Tips
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Spring break is a great time for the family to get away from the cold, dark days of winter and have some fun in the sun. Keep your family safe while on your trip by following these tips from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Please feel free to use them in any print or broadcast story, with appropriate attribution of source.
Sun Safety for Babies
Babies under 6 months of age should be kept out of direct sunlight. Move your baby to the shade under a tree, umbrella or stroller canopy. It is okay to apply a small amount of sunscreen on infants under 6 months if there is no way to avoid the sun.
Dress babies in lightweight clothing that covers the arms and legs, and use brimmed hats.
Sun Safety for Kids
Choose sunscreen that is made for children, preferably waterproof. Before covering your child, test the sunscreen on your child’s back for an allergic reaction. Apply carefully around the eyes, avoiding eyelids. If a rash develops, talk with your pediatrician.
Select clothes made of tightly woven fabrics. Cotton clothing is both cool and protective.
When using a cap with a bill, make sure the bill is facing forward to shield your child’s face. Sunglasses with UV protection are also a good idea for protecting your child’s eyes.
If your child gets sunburn that results in blistering, pain or fever, contact your pediatrician.
Sun Safety for the Family
The sun’s rays are the strongest between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Try to keep out of the sun during those hours.
The sun’s damaging UV rays can bounce back from sand, snow or concrete; so be particularly careful of these areas.
Most of the sun’s rays can come through the clouds on an overcast day; so use sun protection even on cloudy days.
When choosing a sunscreen, look for the words "broad-spectrum" on the label - it means that the sunscreen will screen out both ultraviolet B (UVB) and ultraviolet A (UVA) rays. Choose a water-resistant or waterproof sunscreen and reapply every two hours.
Zinc oxide, a very effective sunblock, can be used as extra protection on the nose, cheeks, tops of the ears and on the shoulders.
Use a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15.
Rub sunscreen in well, making sure to cover all exposed areas, especially the face, nose, ears, feet and hands, and even the backs of the knees.
Put on sunscreen 30 minutes before going outdoors - it needs time to work on the skin.
Sunscreens should be used for sun protection and not as a reason to stay in the sun longer.
Use of Tanning Salons
The intensity of UVR radiation produced by some tanning facilities can be 10 to 15 times higher than the midday sun.
The AAP supports legislation prohibiting access to tanning salons or use of artificial tanning devices by children under 18 years of age.
Beach Tips *
Drink plenty of water, non-carbonated and non-alcoholic drinks, even if you do not feel thirsty.
Stay within the designated swimming area and ideally within the visibility of a lifeguard
Never swim alone.
Be aware of rip currents. If you should get caught in one, don’t try to swim against it. Swim parallel to shore until clear of the current.
Seek shelter in case of storm. Get out of the water. Get off the beach in case of lightning.
Watch out for traffic – some beaches allow cars
SPK training and Compliance
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215-600-1774
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Spring break is a great time for the family to get away from the cold, dark days of winter and have some fun in the sun. Keep your family safe while on your trip by following these tips from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Please feel free to use them in any print or broadcast story, with appropriate attribution of source.
Sun Safety for Babies
Babies under 6 months of age should be kept out of direct sunlight. Move your baby to the shade under a tree, umbrella or stroller canopy. It is okay to apply a small amount of sunscreen on infants under 6 months if there is no way to avoid the sun.
Dress babies in lightweight clothing that covers the arms and legs, and use brimmed hats.
Sun Safety for Kids
Choose sunscreen that is made for children, preferably waterproof. Before covering your child, test the sunscreen on your child’s back for an allergic reaction. Apply carefully around the eyes, avoiding eyelids. If a rash develops, talk with your pediatrician.
Select clothes made of tightly woven fabrics. Cotton clothing is both cool and protective.
When using a cap with a bill, make sure the bill is facing forward to shield your child’s face. Sunglasses with UV protection are also a good idea for protecting your child’s eyes.
If your child gets sunburn that results in blistering, pain or fever, contact your pediatrician.
Sun Safety for the Family
The sun’s rays are the strongest between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Try to keep out of the sun during those hours.
The sun’s damaging UV rays can bounce back from sand, snow or concrete; so be particularly careful of these areas.
Most of the sun’s rays can come through the clouds on an overcast day; so use sun protection even on cloudy days.
When choosing a sunscreen, look for the words "broad-spectrum" on the label - it means that the sunscreen will screen out both ultraviolet B (UVB) and ultraviolet A (UVA) rays. Choose a water-resistant or waterproof sunscreen and reapply every two hours.
Zinc oxide, a very effective sunblock, can be used as extra protection on the nose, cheeks, tops of the ears and on the shoulders.
Use a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15.
Rub sunscreen in well, making sure to cover all exposed areas, especially the face, nose, ears, feet and hands, and even the backs of the knees.
Put on sunscreen 30 minutes before going outdoors - it needs time to work on the skin.
Sunscreens should be used for sun protection and not as a reason to stay in the sun longer.
Use of Tanning Salons
The intensity of UVR radiation produced by some tanning facilities can be 10 to 15 times higher than the midday sun.
The AAP supports legislation prohibiting access to tanning salons or use of artificial tanning devices by children under 18 years of age.
Beach Tips *
Drink plenty of water, non-carbonated and non-alcoholic drinks, even if you do not feel thirsty.
Stay within the designated swimming area and ideally within the visibility of a lifeguard
Never swim alone.
Be aware of rip currents. If you should get caught in one, don’t try to swim against it. Swim parallel to shore until clear of the current.
Seek shelter in case of storm. Get out of the water. Get off the beach in case of lightning.
Watch out for traffic – some beaches allow cars
SPK training and Compliance
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Perkasie, Pa. 18944
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Monday, March 21, 2011
Home Quality of Your Air
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When you think about air pollution, what comes to mind? Smog? Brown Cloud? Cars? How about “home”? Recent studies by the EPA show that the air inside homes and buildings is on average two to five times more polluted than the air in even the most industrial cities (1). With North Americans spending an average of 90% of their time inside, indoor air pollution can pose a serious health risk.
So what’s causing this toxic indoor environment? The culprits run the gamut from mold to invisible gases to household cleaning products. Let’s take a look at some common indoor air pollutants and how to eliminate them from your home.
Biological Pollutants
Not only do household allergens like mold, mildew, animal dander, and dust mites cause common irritations like sneezing and headaches, these biological contaminants have also been estimated to lead to 200,000 emergency room visits per year by asthma patients (2).
Biological pollutants can be reduced through regular household cleaning, removing mold and mildew from damp areas, washing bedding and pillows, and changing humidifier water regularly.
Radon
This colorless, odorless gas is actually the second leading cause of lung cancer, implicated in anywhere from 7,000-30,000 deaths every year (3). Radon gas naturally rises from the ground and dissipates into the air. The problem arises when structures such as homes are built over “hot spots,” thereby trapping the gas inside. When breathed in, radon reacts with lung tissue, causing damage that over time can lead to lung cancer.
The only way to know if your home has high levels of radon is to test for it. Radon test kits are now available for homeowners to check radon levels in the home.
Carbon Monoxide
There’s yet another colorless and odorless gas besides radon that may be lurking in your home, but this one could be far more dangerous. Carbon monoxide gas is a deadly indoor air pollutant and can be generated from the incomplete combustion of fuel in household devices like gas stoves, furnaces, water heaters, fireplaces, and cars. Carbon monoxide inhibits the transport of oxygen through the body. At low levels of exposure, it may cause dizziness, vomiting, muscle aches, and general weakness. Prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to death.
The number-one way to protect yourself and your family from carbon monoxide poisoning is to purchase a carbon monoxide detector. These units function like smoke detectors and go off when carbon monoxide levels get too high. In addition, it’s wise to have a professional check all fuel burning devices in your home (the flames should be blue), never bring burning charcoal indoors, never leave cars running in an enclosed or attached garage, and always open the flue before starting a fire.
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When you think about air pollution, what comes to mind? Smog? Brown Cloud? Cars? How about “home”? Recent studies by the EPA show that the air inside homes and buildings is on average two to five times more polluted than the air in even the most industrial cities (1). With North Americans spending an average of 90% of their time inside, indoor air pollution can pose a serious health risk.
So what’s causing this toxic indoor environment? The culprits run the gamut from mold to invisible gases to household cleaning products. Let’s take a look at some common indoor air pollutants and how to eliminate them from your home.
Biological Pollutants
Not only do household allergens like mold, mildew, animal dander, and dust mites cause common irritations like sneezing and headaches, these biological contaminants have also been estimated to lead to 200,000 emergency room visits per year by asthma patients (2).
Biological pollutants can be reduced through regular household cleaning, removing mold and mildew from damp areas, washing bedding and pillows, and changing humidifier water regularly.
Radon
This colorless, odorless gas is actually the second leading cause of lung cancer, implicated in anywhere from 7,000-30,000 deaths every year (3). Radon gas naturally rises from the ground and dissipates into the air. The problem arises when structures such as homes are built over “hot spots,” thereby trapping the gas inside. When breathed in, radon reacts with lung tissue, causing damage that over time can lead to lung cancer.
The only way to know if your home has high levels of radon is to test for it. Radon test kits are now available for homeowners to check radon levels in the home.
Carbon Monoxide
There’s yet another colorless and odorless gas besides radon that may be lurking in your home, but this one could be far more dangerous. Carbon monoxide gas is a deadly indoor air pollutant and can be generated from the incomplete combustion of fuel in household devices like gas stoves, furnaces, water heaters, fireplaces, and cars. Carbon monoxide inhibits the transport of oxygen through the body. At low levels of exposure, it may cause dizziness, vomiting, muscle aches, and general weakness. Prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide can lead to death.
The number-one way to protect yourself and your family from carbon monoxide poisoning is to purchase a carbon monoxide detector. These units function like smoke detectors and go off when carbon monoxide levels get too high. In addition, it’s wise to have a professional check all fuel burning devices in your home (the flames should be blue), never bring burning charcoal indoors, never leave cars running in an enclosed or attached garage, and always open the flue before starting a fire.
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Suite 201
Perkasie, Pa. 18944
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Great Guides For Selecting a Respirator
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Shopping for and using particulate respirators doesn't have to be a confusing task. This PE Fact document sets forth all of the information you need to make informed purchasing decisions and safely use your particulate respirator.
Testing guidelines for air-purifying particulate respirators can be found under The Department of Health and Human Services Rules and Regulations 42 CFR Part 84. This test criteria applies to particulate-style, non-powered air-purifying respirators only.
You can identify filters that meet these specifications by a sequence of approval numbers for non-powered particulate respirators (TC-84A-XXXX). All particulate respirators approved under Part 84 will have a certification label bearing the NIOSH and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) emblems; those approved under Part 11 have the emblems of NIOSH and MSHA. This will allow users to distinguish particulate respirators certified before July 10, 1995, under Part 11 from particulate respirators certified after that date under Part 84.
In the past, HEPA filters were the only filters approved for protection against tuberculosis (TB), which was costly to the health care industry. With Part 84, industries have the ability choose a lower cost respirator which provides appropriate protection. Under current test guidelines, workers exposed to TB can use the N95 series respirator which is more affordable and provides the necessary protection.
Today's particulate respirators fall into nine different classes, have three levels of filter efficiency (95, 99 and 99.97%), and three categories of filter degradation (N, R and P). All nine classes filter the same particle size (0.3 micrometers aerodynamic mass median diameter).
The following chart shows the filter classes certified under 42 CFR Part 84.
Description of filter classes certified under 42 CFR 84
Class of filter
Efficiency (%)
Test agent
Test maximum loading (mg)
Type of contaminant
Service time1
N-series
N100
N 99
N 95
-
99.97
99
95
NaCI 2
200
Solid and Water-based particulates (i.e., non-oil aerosols)
Nonspecific 3,4
R-series
R100
R 99
R 95
-
99.97
99
95
DOP oil 5
200
Any
One work shift3,6
P-series
P100 7
P 99
P 95
-
99.97
99
95
DOP oil
Stabilized efficiency
Any
Nonspecific 3
1 NIOSH will be conducting and encouraging other researchers to conduct studies to assure that these service time recommendations are adequate. If deemed necessary, additional service time limitations may be recommended by NIOSH for specific workplace conditions.
2 NaCl = sodium chloride
3 Limited by considerations of hygiene, damage and breathing resistance.
4 High (200mg) filter loading in the certification test is intended to address the potential for filter efficiency degradation by solid or water-based (i.e., non-oil) aerosols in the workplace. Accordingly, there is no recommended service time limit in most workplace settings. However, in dirty workplaces (high aerosol concentrations), service time should not go beyond 8 hours of use (continuous or intermittent) unless an evaluation of the workplace demonstrates (a) that extended use will not degrade the filter efficiency below the certified efficiency level, or (b) that the total mass loading of the filter is less than 200 mg (100 mg per filter for dual-filter respirators).
5 DOP oil = dioctyl phthalate
6 No specific service time limit when oil aerosols are not present. In the presence of oil aerosols, service time may be extended beyond 8 hours of use (continuous or intermittent) by demonstrating (a) that extended use will not degrade the filter efficiency below the certified efficiency level, or (b) that the total mass loading of the filter is less than 200 mg (100 mg per filter for dual-filter respirators).
7 The P100 filter must be color-coded magenta. The Part 84 Subpart KK HEPA filter on a PAPR will also be magenta, but the label will be different from the P100 filter, and the two filters cannot be interchanged.
Use Limitations
Filter usage is indicated by the N, R and P designations. N-series filters are "not resistant to oil," and should only be used for non-oil aerosols (e.g. solid and water-based). R-series filters are "resistant to oil" and P-series filters should be selected if there are oil aerosols (e.g. lubricants, cutting fluids, etc.) or non-oil aerosols in the workplace. Hygiene, damage, and breathing resistance are the three factors that limit the service life of all three filter categories (N, R and P). If damage, soiling, or increased breathing resistance occurs, filters should be replaced.
N-Series Filters
As stated above, the use and repeated use of N-series filters is generally limited only by hygiene, damage, and increased breathing resistance. However, if the particulate respirator is being used in extremely dirty or dusty working conditions that may result in high filter loading (200 mg), service time should be limited to continuous or intermittent use of 8 hours. An exception to this rule may be made if, upon evaluation, the specific workplace setting proves that extended use will not degrade the efficiency below the efficiency level of the specific respirator or that total mass loading of the filter does not exceed 200 mg.
R-Series Filters
If oil is present, R-series particulate respirator filters should be only used for one working shift (or for 8 hours of continuous or intermittent use). Otherwise, service time for R-series respirators can be extended using the same criteria as stated above (by evaluating the specific workplace setting and proving that extended use will not degrade the efficiency below the efficiency level of the specific respirator or that total mass loading does not exceed 200 mg).
Determinations for both N and R series particulate respirators must be re-evaluated should conditions change or modifications be made to processes that could alter the type of particulate being generated.
P-Series Filters
Hygiene, damage, and increased breathing resistance are the only three factors affecting use and reuse of P-series respirator filters.
Selection
In selecting the appropriate particulate respirator, the following conditions must be considered:
•The identity and concentration of the particles in the workplace air
•The OSHA or MSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL); NIOSH-recommended exposure limit; or other occupational exposure limit for the contaminant.
•The hazard ratio (HR) (i.e. the airborne particulate concentration divided by the exposure limit)
•The Assigned Protection Factor (APF) for the class of respirator (the APF should be greater than the HR).
•The immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration, including oxygen deficiency (NIOSH 1994).
•Any service life information available for combination cartridges or canisters.
You can determine the maximum workplace concentration for which each particulate respirator can be used by multiplying the occupational exposure limit by the APF. For example, if the commonly accepted APF for a half-mask respirator is 10 and the PEL is 5 milligrams per cubic meter, then 50 milligrams per cubic meter is the highest workplace concentration in which a half-mask respirator can be used against that contaminant. If the workplace concentration is greater than 50 milligrams per cubic meter, a more protective respirator (with a higher APF) should be used. In no case should an air-purifying respirator be used in IDLH atmospheres or in areas that are oxygen deficient, and you should never exceed the manufacturer's guidelines.
SPK Training and Compliance
http://www.spktraining.com/
215-600-1774
620 West Chestnut St
Suite 201 , Perkasie, Pa 18944
215-600-1774
EPA Lead Training, OSHA Training, American Heart CPR
Shopping for and using particulate respirators doesn't have to be a confusing task. This PE Fact document sets forth all of the information you need to make informed purchasing decisions and safely use your particulate respirator.
Testing guidelines for air-purifying particulate respirators can be found under The Department of Health and Human Services Rules and Regulations 42 CFR Part 84. This test criteria applies to particulate-style, non-powered air-purifying respirators only.
You can identify filters that meet these specifications by a sequence of approval numbers for non-powered particulate respirators (TC-84A-XXXX). All particulate respirators approved under Part 84 will have a certification label bearing the NIOSH and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) emblems; those approved under Part 11 have the emblems of NIOSH and MSHA. This will allow users to distinguish particulate respirators certified before July 10, 1995, under Part 11 from particulate respirators certified after that date under Part 84.
In the past, HEPA filters were the only filters approved for protection against tuberculosis (TB), which was costly to the health care industry. With Part 84, industries have the ability choose a lower cost respirator which provides appropriate protection. Under current test guidelines, workers exposed to TB can use the N95 series respirator which is more affordable and provides the necessary protection.
Today's particulate respirators fall into nine different classes, have three levels of filter efficiency (95, 99 and 99.97%), and three categories of filter degradation (N, R and P). All nine classes filter the same particle size (0.3 micrometers aerodynamic mass median diameter).
The following chart shows the filter classes certified under 42 CFR Part 84.
Description of filter classes certified under 42 CFR 84
Class of filter
Efficiency (%)
Test agent
Test maximum loading (mg)
Type of contaminant
Service time1
N-series
N100
N 99
N 95
-
99.97
99
95
NaCI 2
200
Solid and Water-based particulates (i.e., non-oil aerosols)
Nonspecific 3,4
R-series
R100
R 99
R 95
-
99.97
99
95
DOP oil 5
200
Any
One work shift3,6
P-series
P100 7
P 99
P 95
-
99.97
99
95
DOP oil
Stabilized efficiency
Any
Nonspecific 3
1 NIOSH will be conducting and encouraging other researchers to conduct studies to assure that these service time recommendations are adequate. If deemed necessary, additional service time limitations may be recommended by NIOSH for specific workplace conditions.
2 NaCl = sodium chloride
3 Limited by considerations of hygiene, damage and breathing resistance.
4 High (200mg) filter loading in the certification test is intended to address the potential for filter efficiency degradation by solid or water-based (i.e., non-oil) aerosols in the workplace. Accordingly, there is no recommended service time limit in most workplace settings. However, in dirty workplaces (high aerosol concentrations), service time should not go beyond 8 hours of use (continuous or intermittent) unless an evaluation of the workplace demonstrates (a) that extended use will not degrade the filter efficiency below the certified efficiency level, or (b) that the total mass loading of the filter is less than 200 mg (100 mg per filter for dual-filter respirators).
5 DOP oil = dioctyl phthalate
6 No specific service time limit when oil aerosols are not present. In the presence of oil aerosols, service time may be extended beyond 8 hours of use (continuous or intermittent) by demonstrating (a) that extended use will not degrade the filter efficiency below the certified efficiency level, or (b) that the total mass loading of the filter is less than 200 mg (100 mg per filter for dual-filter respirators).
7 The P100 filter must be color-coded magenta. The Part 84 Subpart KK HEPA filter on a PAPR will also be magenta, but the label will be different from the P100 filter, and the two filters cannot be interchanged.
Use Limitations
Filter usage is indicated by the N, R and P designations. N-series filters are "not resistant to oil," and should only be used for non-oil aerosols (e.g. solid and water-based). R-series filters are "resistant to oil" and P-series filters should be selected if there are oil aerosols (e.g. lubricants, cutting fluids, etc.) or non-oil aerosols in the workplace. Hygiene, damage, and breathing resistance are the three factors that limit the service life of all three filter categories (N, R and P). If damage, soiling, or increased breathing resistance occurs, filters should be replaced.
N-Series Filters
As stated above, the use and repeated use of N-series filters is generally limited only by hygiene, damage, and increased breathing resistance. However, if the particulate respirator is being used in extremely dirty or dusty working conditions that may result in high filter loading (200 mg), service time should be limited to continuous or intermittent use of 8 hours. An exception to this rule may be made if, upon evaluation, the specific workplace setting proves that extended use will not degrade the efficiency below the efficiency level of the specific respirator or that total mass loading of the filter does not exceed 200 mg.
R-Series Filters
If oil is present, R-series particulate respirator filters should be only used for one working shift (or for 8 hours of continuous or intermittent use). Otherwise, service time for R-series respirators can be extended using the same criteria as stated above (by evaluating the specific workplace setting and proving that extended use will not degrade the efficiency below the efficiency level of the specific respirator or that total mass loading does not exceed 200 mg).
Determinations for both N and R series particulate respirators must be re-evaluated should conditions change or modifications be made to processes that could alter the type of particulate being generated.
P-Series Filters
Hygiene, damage, and increased breathing resistance are the only three factors affecting use and reuse of P-series respirator filters.
Selection
In selecting the appropriate particulate respirator, the following conditions must be considered:
•The identity and concentration of the particles in the workplace air
•The OSHA or MSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL); NIOSH-recommended exposure limit; or other occupational exposure limit for the contaminant.
•The hazard ratio (HR) (i.e. the airborne particulate concentration divided by the exposure limit)
•The Assigned Protection Factor (APF) for the class of respirator (the APF should be greater than the HR).
•The immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration, including oxygen deficiency (NIOSH 1994).
•Any service life information available for combination cartridges or canisters.
You can determine the maximum workplace concentration for which each particulate respirator can be used by multiplying the occupational exposure limit by the APF. For example, if the commonly accepted APF for a half-mask respirator is 10 and the PEL is 5 milligrams per cubic meter, then 50 milligrams per cubic meter is the highest workplace concentration in which a half-mask respirator can be used against that contaminant. If the workplace concentration is greater than 50 milligrams per cubic meter, a more protective respirator (with a higher APF) should be used. In no case should an air-purifying respirator be used in IDLH atmospheres or in areas that are oxygen deficient, and you should never exceed the manufacturer's guidelines.
SPK Training and Compliance
http://www.spktraining.com/
215-600-1774
Thursday, February 10, 2011
Confined Space Death
http://www.spktraining.com/
OSHA has completed inspections prompted by a June 29, 2009, triple fatality at a recycling facility in Jamaica, N.Y. An employee of S. Dahan Piping and Heating Co., of South Ozone, N.Y., was fatally overcome by hydrogen sulfide gas while cleaning a dry well at Regal Recycling Co. Inc. The owner of S. Dahan Piping and Heating, who was also the worker's father, and a Regal Recycling employee also succumbed while trying to rescue him from the dry well.
OSHA's inspection found that S. Dahan Piping should have monitored the air quality in the dry well to determine if there was a lack of oxygen or the presence of another breathing hazard before any of its employees entered the dry well to perform their duties. If a hazard was found, protective measures would need to have been implemented prior to employee entry. OSHA defines a confined space as a space that has limited or restricted access of entry or exit, is large enough for a worker to enter and work in, but is not designed for continuous occupancy. The agency noted that Regal Recycling failed to post signs warning its employees of hazards that may be present in a confined space, such as the dry well.
"Unfortunately, this incident was a classic example of a multiple-fatality event where would-be rescuers are themselves overcome in their attempt to save the initial victim," said Kay Gee, OSHA's area director for Queens, Manhattan, and Brooklyn. "Many deaths in confined spaces occur because people who are attempting to rescue someone else are neither trained nor equipped to do so."
As a result of its findings, OSHA has issued four serious citations to S. Dahan Piping for the confined-space hazards and for not having a respiratory-protection program.
"This family has already paid an incalculable price with the loss of two of its loved ones," said Robert Kulick, OSHA's regional administrator in New York. "Nothing can restore their lives, but it is our hope that employers will heed these findings and take effective action to prevent future confined-space tragedies."
The agency issued Regal Recycling one serious citation for the absence of warning signs and for failure to abate notices for not correcting unrelated respiratory protection and guardrail hazards cited after a January 2009 OSHA inspection. Regal Recycling faces a total of $79,000 in fines.
OSHA issues serious citations when death or serious physical harm is likely to result from hazards about which the employer knew or should have known. Failure-to-abate citations are issued when an employer does not correct specific hazards cited in a previous OSHA inspection.
Detailed information on confined-space hazards and safeguards is available online at www.osha.gov/SLTC/confinedspaces/index.html.
Both companies have 15 business days from receipt of its citations and proposed penalties to comply, meet with OSHA, or contest them before the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. The inspection was conducted by OSHA's Queens District Office in Little Neck, N.Y
SPK Training and Compliance
620 West Chestnut St
Suite 201
Perkasie, Pa. 18994
215-600-1774
http://www.spktraining.com/
OSHA has completed inspections prompted by a June 29, 2009, triple fatality at a recycling facility in Jamaica, N.Y. An employee of S. Dahan Piping and Heating Co., of South Ozone, N.Y., was fatally overcome by hydrogen sulfide gas while cleaning a dry well at Regal Recycling Co. Inc. The owner of S. Dahan Piping and Heating, who was also the worker's father, and a Regal Recycling employee also succumbed while trying to rescue him from the dry well.
OSHA's inspection found that S. Dahan Piping should have monitored the air quality in the dry well to determine if there was a lack of oxygen or the presence of another breathing hazard before any of its employees entered the dry well to perform their duties. If a hazard was found, protective measures would need to have been implemented prior to employee entry. OSHA defines a confined space as a space that has limited or restricted access of entry or exit, is large enough for a worker to enter and work in, but is not designed for continuous occupancy. The agency noted that Regal Recycling failed to post signs warning its employees of hazards that may be present in a confined space, such as the dry well.
"Unfortunately, this incident was a classic example of a multiple-fatality event where would-be rescuers are themselves overcome in their attempt to save the initial victim," said Kay Gee, OSHA's area director for Queens, Manhattan, and Brooklyn. "Many deaths in confined spaces occur because people who are attempting to rescue someone else are neither trained nor equipped to do so."
As a result of its findings, OSHA has issued four serious citations to S. Dahan Piping for the confined-space hazards and for not having a respiratory-protection program.
"This family has already paid an incalculable price with the loss of two of its loved ones," said Robert Kulick, OSHA's regional administrator in New York. "Nothing can restore their lives, but it is our hope that employers will heed these findings and take effective action to prevent future confined-space tragedies."
The agency issued Regal Recycling one serious citation for the absence of warning signs and for failure to abate notices for not correcting unrelated respiratory protection and guardrail hazards cited after a January 2009 OSHA inspection. Regal Recycling faces a total of $79,000 in fines.
OSHA issues serious citations when death or serious physical harm is likely to result from hazards about which the employer knew or should have known. Failure-to-abate citations are issued when an employer does not correct specific hazards cited in a previous OSHA inspection.
Detailed information on confined-space hazards and safeguards is available online at www.osha.gov/SLTC/confinedspaces/index.html.
Both companies have 15 business days from receipt of its citations and proposed penalties to comply, meet with OSHA, or contest them before the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. The inspection was conducted by OSHA's Queens District Office in Little Neck, N.Y
SPK Training and Compliance
620 West Chestnut St
Suite 201
Perkasie, Pa. 18994
215-600-1774
http://www.spktraining.com/
Friday, January 21, 2011
Snow Safety For Seniors
Sandra Gimpel fell more than 500 times in the last year-without serious injury. Not so fortunate were some 16,000 Americans who die each year from falls, according to the National Safety Council (NSC).
The difference? Gimpel's falls were not accidental, but planned and executed with precision. She is a 3rd degree black belt Karate instructor and Hollywood stunt woman who earns a living falling in movies and television commercials.
Falls rival poisoning as the number one home accident in the U.S. The number of injuries or deaths from falls due to winter conditions is not recorded by the NSC. But, safety experts agree that many injuries result from falls on ice-covered surfaces.
Safety Tips
It's important that individuals recognize the hazards of slippery surfaces. Here are helpful hints from winter-safety experts that will reduce the risk of falling when slippery conditions exist:
•Wear boots or overshoes with soles. Avoid walking in shoes that have smooth surfaces, which increase the risk of slipping.
•Walk consciously. Be alert to the possibility that you could quickly slip on an unseen patch of ice. Avoid the temptation to run to catch a bus or beat traffic when crossing a street.
•Walk cautiously. Your arms help keep you balanced, so keep hands out of pockets and avoid carrying heavy loads that may cause you to become off balance.
•Walk "small." Avoid an erect, marching posture. Look to see ahead of where you step. When you step on icy areas, take short, shuffling steps, curl your toes under and walk as flatfooted as possible.
•Remove snow immediately before it becomes packed or turns to ice. Keep your porch stoops, steps, walks and driveways free of ice by frequently applying ice melter granules. This is the best way to prevent formation of dangerous ice patches. Using a potassium-based melter, such as Safe Step, instead of salt will prevent damage to concrete, grass and other vegetation or to carpets and floors should you track in some.
Falling Safely
Even when you practice safe walking habits, slipping on ice is sometimes unavoidable.
"It takes less than two seconds from the moment you slip until you hit the ground," says Sandra Gimpel. "That's precious little time to react. In that instant, the risk is an injury to your head, a wrist, hip or shoulder."
Gimpel says knowing how to fall will help you reduce the risk of injury. In the stunts she performs and the Karate courses she teaches, Gimpel uses a tuck-and-roll principle.
"It's important to tuck your body, lift your head and avoid trying to break the fall with a hand, which can cause a wrist injury," says Gimpel. "The idea is to make yourself as small as possible by rolling up into a ball." She suggests you practice the techniques as follows:
•Sit on the floor with your legs out flat in front of you. To simulate a backwards fall, slowly begin to lie back toward the floor and quickly tuck your head forward, chin to chest. At the same time, lift your knees to your chest and extend your arms away from your body and "slap" the ground with your palms and forearms. This maneuver will help prevent your head, wrists and elbows from hitting the ground.
•Assume the original position. To practice a sideways fall - which usually causes a shoulder, hip, elbow or wrist injury - begin to roll to one side or the other. As you do so, lay out your arm parallel to your body so that your forearm, not your wrist or shoulder, is first to contact the floor. Also, lift your head toward your shoulder opposite the fall. Next, practice the procedure in the opposite direction.
•From a kneeling position, practice for a potential front fall. Begin to lean forward and as you fall, roll to one side, laying out your arm parallel to your body, again so the forearm and not your wrist makes contact with the floor. Lift your head to the opposite shoulder and continue to roll.
Following these guidelines may not qualify you to handle movie stunts, but they can help protect you from serious injury this winter.
SPK Training and Compliance
620 West Chestnut Street
Suite 201
Perkasie, Pa. 18944
http://www.spktraining.com/
215-600-1774
The difference? Gimpel's falls were not accidental, but planned and executed with precision. She is a 3rd degree black belt Karate instructor and Hollywood stunt woman who earns a living falling in movies and television commercials.
Falls rival poisoning as the number one home accident in the U.S. The number of injuries or deaths from falls due to winter conditions is not recorded by the NSC. But, safety experts agree that many injuries result from falls on ice-covered surfaces.
Safety Tips
It's important that individuals recognize the hazards of slippery surfaces. Here are helpful hints from winter-safety experts that will reduce the risk of falling when slippery conditions exist:
•Wear boots or overshoes with soles. Avoid walking in shoes that have smooth surfaces, which increase the risk of slipping.
•Walk consciously. Be alert to the possibility that you could quickly slip on an unseen patch of ice. Avoid the temptation to run to catch a bus or beat traffic when crossing a street.
•Walk cautiously. Your arms help keep you balanced, so keep hands out of pockets and avoid carrying heavy loads that may cause you to become off balance.
•Walk "small." Avoid an erect, marching posture. Look to see ahead of where you step. When you step on icy areas, take short, shuffling steps, curl your toes under and walk as flatfooted as possible.
•Remove snow immediately before it becomes packed or turns to ice. Keep your porch stoops, steps, walks and driveways free of ice by frequently applying ice melter granules. This is the best way to prevent formation of dangerous ice patches. Using a potassium-based melter, such as Safe Step, instead of salt will prevent damage to concrete, grass and other vegetation or to carpets and floors should you track in some.
Falling Safely
Even when you practice safe walking habits, slipping on ice is sometimes unavoidable.
"It takes less than two seconds from the moment you slip until you hit the ground," says Sandra Gimpel. "That's precious little time to react. In that instant, the risk is an injury to your head, a wrist, hip or shoulder."
Gimpel says knowing how to fall will help you reduce the risk of injury. In the stunts she performs and the Karate courses she teaches, Gimpel uses a tuck-and-roll principle.
"It's important to tuck your body, lift your head and avoid trying to break the fall with a hand, which can cause a wrist injury," says Gimpel. "The idea is to make yourself as small as possible by rolling up into a ball." She suggests you practice the techniques as follows:
•Sit on the floor with your legs out flat in front of you. To simulate a backwards fall, slowly begin to lie back toward the floor and quickly tuck your head forward, chin to chest. At the same time, lift your knees to your chest and extend your arms away from your body and "slap" the ground with your palms and forearms. This maneuver will help prevent your head, wrists and elbows from hitting the ground.
•Assume the original position. To practice a sideways fall - which usually causes a shoulder, hip, elbow or wrist injury - begin to roll to one side or the other. As you do so, lay out your arm parallel to your body so that your forearm, not your wrist or shoulder, is first to contact the floor. Also, lift your head toward your shoulder opposite the fall. Next, practice the procedure in the opposite direction.
•From a kneeling position, practice for a potential front fall. Begin to lean forward and as you fall, roll to one side, laying out your arm parallel to your body, again so the forearm and not your wrist makes contact with the floor. Lift your head to the opposite shoulder and continue to roll.
Following these guidelines may not qualify you to handle movie stunts, but they can help protect you from serious injury this winter.
SPK Training and Compliance
620 West Chestnut Street
Suite 201
Perkasie, Pa. 18944
http://www.spktraining.com/
215-600-1774
Monday, January 17, 2011
Confined Space Safety
The Occupational Safety & Health Administration is investigating an accident in a manhole at a Superior, Wisconsin landfill that claimed four lives. The incident started when one worker in the hole was overcome by toxic fumes. One by one, the other three victims went to help their colleagues and were themselves overcome. All four were dead of hydrogen sulfide poisoning by the time rescue workers arrived at the scene.
The men were reportedly trying to fix a sewer in a hole three feet in diameter and more than 25 feet deep at the privately owned landfill. None of the men were wearing respirators or safety masks, and emergency responders found no evidence of gas detection or other safety equipment at the accident scene.
Hazards of hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous, flammable, colorless gas that gives off a strong odor of rotten eggs. At high concentrations, it will deaden the sense of smell, consequently odor may not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. Even brief exposure to high concentrations can cause difficulty breathing and loss of consciousness.
The landfill was owned by Kimmes Construction of Superior, a family business that included two of the victims. The other two men were contractors working at the landfill.
The four men were working with two others, who called 911 after the men failed to emerge from the hole. It took about 25 minutes from the time of the call for firefighters to reach the first victim. The last body was removed from the pit about three hours from the time of the initial call. The bodies were found in about four feet of water at the bottom of the hole.
Firefighter response
Firefighters with OSHA-mandated safety equipment including breathing apparatus, masks and radio communication gear led the response. An oversized tripod was positioned over the manhole and firefighters were lowered into the pit by way of a rope and pulley system. Private employees working in confined spaces and rescuers are required to use the same type of equipment and to take the same pre-entry precautions as firefighters. One blogger on the Firehouse.com Forum, a firefighter with the Superior Fire Department who responded to the accident, wrote this: “This is a great example as to why we have to look before we leap. We were told one person in the well, (on dispatch) after we arrived it was 4. It was training and experance that told us to slow down, hydrogen sulfide 200+ppm, Low O2, Lel above limits and lack of personal to safely consider rescue. Considering was not a thought, CFR1910.120 spells it out. since the investigation is still going on all I will say here is, Use your Training, brain and gut to determine your course of action, not your heart.”
Jim Rigstad, a battalion commander for the Superior Fire Department, said that upon arriving on the scene it quickly became evident that survival of the victims was not likely, and that responders were on a recovery mission rather than a rescue mission. A gas meter lowered into the manhole showed hydrogen sulfide levels of 200 parts per million, twice what the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has deemed to be Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentrations. Experts said that the level of fumes inside the pit was so high that unprotected workers would have immediately been rendered unconscious.
Dangers of Confined Spaces
Almost every kind of industry has some type of confined spaces. Storage tanks, tunnels, pipelines, storm drains, silos and ships’ holds are all examples of confined spaces. More than 1.5 million workers enter these spaces each year for the purposes of maintenance, repairs, installations, inspections, and meter reading.
A confined space is an enclosed area with the following characteristics:
It is configured and has adequate size so that a person can enter and perform work;
It has limited and restricted means of access and egress;
The primary use of the space is for something other than continuous human occupancy.
There are a number of hazards associated with confined spaces. A significant threat to life in confined spaces are atmospheric hazards which may be flammable or explosive, toxic, oxygen deficient, oxygen enriched or corrosive. Other hazards associated with confined spaces include possible cave ins, heat injury due to elevated temperatures, electrical hazards, the hazards associated with mechanical equipment, and poor visibility, just to name a few.
Relevant OSHA standards
OSHA’s Permit-Required Confined Space Standard (29 CFR 1910.146) mandates a comprehensive approach for the control of permit space hazards and includes provisions for entry permits, training, hazard recognition, isolation procedures, atmospheric testing, mechanical ventilation, and personal protective equipment.
Another OSHA standard, 29 CFR 1910.120, commonly called the Hazwoper standard, defines the level of training workers must have before being allowed to enter a hazardous environment either for work or for rescue. OSHA’s Respiratory Standard, 29 CFR 1910.134, requires certain respiratory protection and other safety precautions for workers before they may enter a hazardous atmosphere, and also outlines a protective practice known as “2 in/2 out”, requiring at least two employees to enter an IDLH atmosphere and to remain in visual or voice contact with one another at all times, while at least two employees be located outside the hazard area but properly equipped and trained to enter the space if rescue becomes necessary.
It is a sad fact that when multiple deaths occur at confined space incidents, the majority of the victims in each event die while trying to rescue the original entrant. In fact, would be rescuers account for more than half of the confined space fatalities
http://www.spktraining.com/
215-600-1774
620 West Chestnut Street
Suite 201
Perkasie, Pa. 18944
The men were reportedly trying to fix a sewer in a hole three feet in diameter and more than 25 feet deep at the privately owned landfill. None of the men were wearing respirators or safety masks, and emergency responders found no evidence of gas detection or other safety equipment at the accident scene.
Hazards of hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a poisonous, flammable, colorless gas that gives off a strong odor of rotten eggs. At high concentrations, it will deaden the sense of smell, consequently odor may not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. Even brief exposure to high concentrations can cause difficulty breathing and loss of consciousness.
The landfill was owned by Kimmes Construction of Superior, a family business that included two of the victims. The other two men were contractors working at the landfill.
The four men were working with two others, who called 911 after the men failed to emerge from the hole. It took about 25 minutes from the time of the call for firefighters to reach the first victim. The last body was removed from the pit about three hours from the time of the initial call. The bodies were found in about four feet of water at the bottom of the hole.
Firefighter response
Firefighters with OSHA-mandated safety equipment including breathing apparatus, masks and radio communication gear led the response. An oversized tripod was positioned over the manhole and firefighters were lowered into the pit by way of a rope and pulley system. Private employees working in confined spaces and rescuers are required to use the same type of equipment and to take the same pre-entry precautions as firefighters. One blogger on the Firehouse.com Forum, a firefighter with the Superior Fire Department who responded to the accident, wrote this: “This is a great example as to why we have to look before we leap. We were told one person in the well, (on dispatch) after we arrived it was 4. It was training and experance that told us to slow down, hydrogen sulfide 200+ppm, Low O2, Lel above limits and lack of personal to safely consider rescue. Considering was not a thought, CFR1910.120 spells it out. since the investigation is still going on all I will say here is, Use your Training, brain and gut to determine your course of action, not your heart.”
Jim Rigstad, a battalion commander for the Superior Fire Department, said that upon arriving on the scene it quickly became evident that survival of the victims was not likely, and that responders were on a recovery mission rather than a rescue mission. A gas meter lowered into the manhole showed hydrogen sulfide levels of 200 parts per million, twice what the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has deemed to be Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentrations. Experts said that the level of fumes inside the pit was so high that unprotected workers would have immediately been rendered unconscious.
Dangers of Confined Spaces
Almost every kind of industry has some type of confined spaces. Storage tanks, tunnels, pipelines, storm drains, silos and ships’ holds are all examples of confined spaces. More than 1.5 million workers enter these spaces each year for the purposes of maintenance, repairs, installations, inspections, and meter reading.
A confined space is an enclosed area with the following characteristics:
It is configured and has adequate size so that a person can enter and perform work;
It has limited and restricted means of access and egress;
The primary use of the space is for something other than continuous human occupancy.
There are a number of hazards associated with confined spaces. A significant threat to life in confined spaces are atmospheric hazards which may be flammable or explosive, toxic, oxygen deficient, oxygen enriched or corrosive. Other hazards associated with confined spaces include possible cave ins, heat injury due to elevated temperatures, electrical hazards, the hazards associated with mechanical equipment, and poor visibility, just to name a few.
Relevant OSHA standards
OSHA’s Permit-Required Confined Space Standard (29 CFR 1910.146) mandates a comprehensive approach for the control of permit space hazards and includes provisions for entry permits, training, hazard recognition, isolation procedures, atmospheric testing, mechanical ventilation, and personal protective equipment.
Another OSHA standard, 29 CFR 1910.120, commonly called the Hazwoper standard, defines the level of training workers must have before being allowed to enter a hazardous environment either for work or for rescue. OSHA’s Respiratory Standard, 29 CFR 1910.134, requires certain respiratory protection and other safety precautions for workers before they may enter a hazardous atmosphere, and also outlines a protective practice known as “2 in/2 out”, requiring at least two employees to enter an IDLH atmosphere and to remain in visual or voice contact with one another at all times, while at least two employees be located outside the hazard area but properly equipped and trained to enter the space if rescue becomes necessary.
It is a sad fact that when multiple deaths occur at confined space incidents, the majority of the victims in each event die while trying to rescue the original entrant. In fact, would be rescuers account for more than half of the confined space fatalities
http://www.spktraining.com/
215-600-1774
620 West Chestnut Street
Suite 201
Perkasie, Pa. 18944
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